Which adverse effect commonly occurs with glucocorticoid therapy?

Glucocorticoid therapy is associated with several notable adverse effects due to its pharmacological actions, and one of the most common adverse effects is glaucoma. Glucocorticoids can increase intraocular pressure, which may lead to the development or exacerbation of glaucoma, particularly in individuals who are predisposed to this condition. The corticosteroids cause changes in the trabecular meshwork and inhibit the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye, contributing to elevated pressure.

In contrast, hyperkalemia is generally not a common effect of glucocorticoids; instead, they often lead to hypokalemia. Weight loss is more likely in cases of inadequate glucocorticoid production (such as adrenal insufficiency) rather than from therapy. Osteoarthritis may be present in some individuals but is not a direct result of glucocorticoid therapy. Therefore, glaucoma stands out as a significant concern when using glucocorticoids, making it the correct answer in the context of common adverse effects related to this class of medication.